How to operate an excavator
I. Left-hand working device operating lever
1. Push up: the bucket arm controls the material;
2. Pull down: the bucket arm digs;
3. Pull to the right: the upper body rotates to the right;
4. Pull to the left: the upper body rotates to the left;
5. Middle position: when the left-hand operating lever is in the middle, the upper body does not rotate and the bucket arm does not move.
II. Right-hand working device operating lever
1. Push down: the boom drops;
2. Pull up: the boom is raised;
3. Push to the right: the bucket controls the material;
4. Pull to the left: the bucket digs;
5. Middle position: when the right-hand operating lever is in the middle, the boom and bucket do not move.
III. Special-function working device
1. Safety locking lever
When the door of the excavator is opened, it can be seen. It is used to control the connection and closing of the hydraulic oil circuit of the working device, the slewing motor and the travel motor.
2. Travel lever
Used to control the excavator to move forward and backward and turn left and right, generally used together with the travel pedal.
3. Travel pedal
Compared with the operating handle, the operation of the travel pedal is much simpler. Push the left pedal forward and the excavator turns right. Push the right pedal forward and the excavator turns left. Pushing the two pedals forward or pulling them back at the same time controls the excavator to move forward or backward.
Tips for excavator operation
1. Effective excavation method
When the bucket cylinder and the connecting rod, the arm cylinder and the arm are 90 degrees to each other, the excavation force is the largest; when the bucket teeth and the ground are at a 30-degree angle, the excavation force is the best, that is, the soil cutting resistance is the smallest; when digging with the arm, the arm angle should be between 45 degrees in front and 30 degrees in the back. Using the boom and bucket at the same time can improve the excavation efficiency.
2. Rock excavation
Using a bucket to excavate rocks will cause great damage to the machine and should be avoided as much as possible; when excavation is necessary, the position of the machine body should be adjusted according to the direction of the rock cracks so that the bucket can be smoothly shoveled in for excavation; insert the bucket teeth into the rock cracks and use the digging force of the bucket arm and bucket to excavate (be careful of the bucket teeth slipping); unbroken rocks should be crushed before using the bucket to excavate.
3. Slope leveling operation
When performing surface finishing, the machine should be placed flat on the ground to prevent the machine body from shaking. It is important to grasp the coordination of the action of the boom and the bucket arm and control the speed of both for surface finishing.
4. Loading operation
The machine body should be in a horizontal and stable position, otherwise it will be difficult to accurately control the rotation unloading, thus prolonging the operation cycle time; the machine body should be kept at an appropriate distance from the truck to prevent the rear of the machine body from colliding with the truck when rotating 180 degrees; try to load it with a left rotation, which will provide a wide field of vision and high operating efficiency. At the same time, the rotation angle should be correctly mastered to reduce the time used for rotation; the truck position should be lower than the excavator to shorten the boom lifting time and provide good visibility; load sand and gravel first, then place large stones, which can reduce the impact on the car body.
5. Working in soft areas or water
When working in soft soil areas, you should understand the degree of soil looseness and pay attention to limiting the digging range of the bucket to prevent accidents such as landslides and collapses and deep sinking of the car body.
When working in water, attention should be paid to the allowable water depth range of the vehicle body (the water surface should be below the center of the sprocket); if the water level is high, the inside of the slewing bearing will be poorly lubricated due to the entry of water, the engine fan blades will be damaged by water, and the electrical circuit components will be short-circuited or open-circuited due to the intrusion of water.
6. Hoisting operation
When using a hydraulic excavator for hoisting operations, the surrounding conditions of the hoisting site should be confirmed, high-strength hooks and wire ropes should be used, and special hoisting devices should be used as much as possible during hoisting; the operation mode should be selected in micro-operation mode, and the movement should be slow and balanced; the length of the hoisting rope should be appropriate, and too long will cause the hoisted object to swing more and be difficult to control accurately; the bucket position should be adjusted correctly to prevent the wire rope from slipping; construction personnel should try not to get close to the hoisted object to prevent danger due to improper operation.
7. Smooth operation method
During operation, the stability of the machine can not only improve work efficiency and extend the life of the machine, but also ensure safe operation (put the machine on a flatter ground); the driving sprocket is more stable on the rear side than on the front side, and can prevent the final drive from being hit by external forces; the wheelbase of the crawler on the ground is always greater than the wheelbase, so the forward working stability is good, and lateral operation should be avoided as much as possible; the digging point should be kept close to the machine to improve stability and excavator; if the digging point is far away from the machine, the operation will be unstable due to the forward shift of the center of gravity; lateral excavation is less stable than forward excavation. If the digging point is far away from the center of the machine body, the machine will be more unstable. Therefore, the digging point should be kept at a suitable distance from the center of the machine body to make the operation balanced and efficient.
What are the precautions for excavator operation
1. When the excavator is moving, the working device should be retracted as much as possible and close to the center of the machine body to maintain stability; put the final drive at the back to protect the final drive. Avoid driving over obstacles such as stumps and rocks as much as possible to prevent the crawler from twisting; if you must drive over an obstacle, make sure that the center of the crawler is on the obstacle.
2. When passing over a mound, always support the chassis with the working device to prevent the vehicle body from shaking violently or even overturning. Avoid idling the engine for a long time on a steep slope, otherwise the oil level angle will change and cause poor lubrication.
3. When the machine travels for a long distance, the supporting wheels and the final drive will generate high temperatures due to long-term rotation, the oil viscosity will decrease and the lubrication will be poor. Therefore, the machine should be stopped frequently for cooling to extend the life of the lower body. It is forbidden to dig by the driving force of walking, otherwise the excessive load will cause early wear or damage to the final drive, crawler and other lower parts.
4. When walking uphill, the driving wheel should be at the back to increase the adhesion of the crawler on the ground. When walking downhill, the driving wheel should be in front to tighten the upper crawler to prevent the vehicle body from sliding forward under the action of gravity when parking and causing danger.
5. When walking on a slope, the working device should be placed in front to ensure safety. After parking, gently insert the bucket into the ground and put a block under the crawler.
6. When turning on a steep slope, the speed should be slowed down. When turning left, turn the left track backwards, and when turning right, turn the right track backwards. This can reduce the danger of turning on a slope.
7. The hydraulic cylinder is equipped with a buffer device inside, which can gradually release the back pressure near the end of the stroke. If it is subjected to an impact load after reaching the end of the stroke, the piston will directly hit the cylinder head or the bottom of the cylinder, which is easy to cause an accident. Therefore, try to leave a clearance at the end of the stroke.
8. Using the rotary action for bulldozing will cause abnormal stress on the bucket and working device, causing distortion or weld cracking, and even pin breakage. This operation should be avoided as much as possible.
9. Using the weight of the machine body for excavation will cause abnormal stress state of the slewing support, and will also cause strong vibration and impact on the chassis. Therefore, it is necessary to use the hydraulic cylinder or hydraulic pipeline to cause greater damage.
10. When loading and unloading heavy materials such as rocks, the materials should be unloaded close to the bottom of the truck compartment, or the soil should be loaded first and then the rocks. High-altitude unloading is prohibited to reduce the impact damage to the truck.
11. After the excavator enters the construction site, the driver should first observe the geology of the working surface and the surrounding environment. There should be no obstacles within the rotation radius of the excavator to avoid scratches or damage to the vehicle.
12. During operation, the front and rear directions of the crawler should be confirmed to avoid tipping or collision. When the crawler is deeply sunken in the mud, put a wooden board under the bucket, use the bottom of the bucket to support the crawler, and then put a wooden board under the crawler to drive the machine out.
13. Try not to face the final drive in the direction of excavation, otherwise it is easy to damage the travel motor or hose. During operation, ensure that the left and right crawlers are in full contact with the ground to improve the dynamic stability of the whole machine
